Corporate governance involves regulatory and market mechanisms,
and the roles and relationships between a company’s management, its board, its
shareholders and other stakeholders,
and the goals for which the corporation is governed. Lately, corporate
governance has been comprehensively defined as a system of law and sound approaches by which corporations are
directed and controlled focusing on the internal and external corporate
structures with the intention of monitoring the actions of management and
directors and thereby mitigating agency risks stemming from the devious deeds
of these corporate officers.
In contemporary business corporations, the main external
stakeholder groups are shareholders, trade creditors, suppliers, customers and communities affected by
the corporation's activities. Internal stakeholders are the board of
directors, executives,
and other employees.
Much of the contemporary interest in corporate governance
is concerned with mitigation of the conflicts of interests between stakeholders.
Ways of mitigating or preventing these conflicts of interests include the
processes, customs, policies, laws, and institutions which have an impact on
the way a company is controlled. An
important theme of corporate governance is the nature and extent of accountability of people in the business.
A related but separate thread of discussions focuses on
the impact of a corporate governance system on economic
efficiency, with a strong emphasis on shareholders' welfare. In large firms where there is a separation
of ownership and management and no controlling shareholder, the principal–agent
issue arises between upper-management which may have very different
interest, and by definition considerably more information, than shareholders.
The danger arises that rather than overseeing management on behalf of
shareholders, the board of directors may become insulated from shareholders and
beholden to management. This aspect is
particularly present in contemporary public debates and developments in
regulatory policy.
Economic analysis has resulted in a literature on the
subject. One source defines corporate governance as
"the set of conditions that shapes the ex post bargaining
over the quasi-rents generated
by a firm." The firm itself is modeled as a governance structure
acting through the mechanisms of contract, possibly in tandem with corporate finance.
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